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The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia. Part of the Revolutions of 1848, and closely connected with the unsuccessful revolt in the Principality of Moldavia, it sought to overturn the administration imposed by Imperial Russian authorities under the ''Regulamentul Organic'' regime, and, through many of its leaders, demanded the abolition of boyar privilege. Led by a group of young intellectuals and officers in the Wallachian Militia, the movement succeeded in toppling the ruling Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, whom it replaced with a Provisional Government and a Regency, and in passing a series of major progressive reforms, first announced in the Proclamation of Islaz. Despite its rapid gains and popular backing, the new administration was marked by conflicts between the radical wing and more conservative forces, especially over the issue of land reform. Two successive abortive coups were able to weaken the Government, and its international status was always contested by Russia. After managing to rally a degree of sympathy from Ottoman political leaders, the Revolution was ultimately isolated by the intervention of Russian diplomats, and ultimately repressed by a common intervention of Ottoman and Russian armies, without any significant form of armed resistance. Nevertheless, over the following decade, the completion of its goals was made possible by the international context, and former revolutionaries became the original political class in united Romania. ==Origins== (詳細はDanubian Principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia, came under direct Russian supervision upon the close of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, being subsequently administered on the basis of common documents, known as ''Regulamentul Organic''. After a period of Russian military occupation, Wallachia returned to Ottoman suzerainty while Russian oversight was preserved, and the throne was awarded to Alexandru II Ghica in 1834—this measure was controversial from the onset, given that, despite the popular provisions of the Akkerman Convention, Ghica had been appointed by Russia and the Ottomans, instead of being elected by the Wallachian Assembly.〔Djuvara, p.325〕 As a consequence, the Prince was faced with opposition from both sides of the political spectrum, while also attempting to quell the peasantry's discontent by legislating against the abuse of estate lessors.〔Djuvara, p.325, 328-329〕 The first liberal movement, taking inspiration from the French Revolution and having for its stated purpose the encouragement of culture, was ''Societatea Filarmonică'' (the Philharmonic Society), established in 1833.〔Stavrianos, p.347〕 Hostility towards Russian policies erupted later in 1834, when Russia called for an "Additional Article" (''Articol adiţional'') to be attached to the ''Regulament'', as the latter document was being reviewed by the Porte.〔Djuvara, p.329〕 The proposed article sought to prevent the Principalities' Assemblies from modifying the ''Regulament'' any further without the consent of both protecting powers.〔 This move met with stiff opposition from a majority of deputies in Wallachia, among whom was the radical Ioan Câmpineanu; in 1838, the project was nonetheless passed, when it was explicitly endorsed by Sultan Abdülmecid I and by Prince Ghica.〔 Câmpineanu, who had proposed a reformist constitution to replace the ''Regulament'' entirely, was forced into exile, but remained an influence on a younger generation of activists, both Wallachian and Moldavian.〔Djuvara, p.329-330〕 The latter group, comprising many young boyars who had studied in France, also took direct inspiration from reformist or revolutionary-minded societies such as the ''Carbonari'' (and even, through Teodor Diamant, from Utopian socialism).〔Djuvara, p.330; Grenville, p.82-83; Stavrianos, p.347〕 It was this faction who would first explicitly publicize the demands for national independence and Moldo-Wallachian unification, which it included in a wider agenda of political reforms and European solidarity.〔Frunzetti, p.11; Stavrianos, p.347〕 ''Societatea Studenţilor Români'' (the Society of Romanian Students) was founded in 1846, having the French poet Alphonse de Lamartine for its honorary president.〔Frunzetti, p.11-12〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wallachian Revolution of 1848」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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